Newcastle goalkeeper Nick Pope and Chelsea midfielder Mason Mount have also pulled out of Gareth Southgate’s squad.
Tottenham goalkeeper Fraser Forster is the only replacement called up by Southgate, who named a 25-man squad last week.
Rashford’s absence is the most serious blow given his scintillating form since the World Cup.
The 25-year-old has scored a career-high 27 goals for United this season, 19 of which have come since returning from international duty in Qatar, where he netted three times in five appearances.
